Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Parathyroid Glands , Humans , Parathyroid Glands/diagnostic imaging , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has led to an outbreak of multiple cases of pneumonia in Wuhan city in December 2019. The disease caused by this virus was named coronavirus disease 2019 or "COVID-19", which was declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic in March 2020. It typically presents with respiratory symptoms and febrile illness. However, there are few reported extrapulmonary and atypical presentations, such as hemoptysis, cardiac, neurological, gastrointestinal, ocular, and cutaneous manifestations, as well as venous and arterial thrombosis. Lack of awareness of these presentations might lead to misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis, and isolation of suspected patients which increases the risk of transmission of infection between patients and doctors. All these issues will be discussed in this review.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/physiopathology , Disease Outbreaks , Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis , Gastrointestinal Diseases/virology , Heart Diseases/diagnosis , Heart Diseases/virology , Humans , Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Nervous System Diseases/virology , Thrombosis/diagnosis , Thrombosis/virologySubject(s)
COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , COVID-19/enzymology , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Division/drug effects , Humans , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , SARS-CoV-2/physiology , Virus Replication/drug effectsABSTRACT
The mainstay of management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is mainly supportive as to date there is no effective antiviral treatment, apart from remdesivir which has been approved by Food and Drug administration (FDA) for treatment of COVID-19, or vaccine. Supplementation with micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, has gained an increasing interest as part of the supportive management of COVID-19. Vitamin C levels in serum and leukocytes are depleted during the acute stage of infection owing to increased metabolic demands. High-dose vitamin C supplement helps to normalise both serum and leukocytes vitamin C levels. Vitamin C has multiple pharmacological characteristics, antiviral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, which make it a potential therapeutic option in management of COVID-19. The use of high dose of intravenous vitamin C for management of COVID-19 in China and the United Stated has shown promising results. There were no reported adverse reactions with the short-term use of high dose of vitamin C. Given the fact that vitamin C is cheap, available and safe drug with beneficial effects in management of viral infections and critically ill patients reported in previous clinical trials, it is sensible to add it to COVID-19 management protocol particularly if the current ongoing clinical trials testing the effect of vitamin C in management of COVID-19 show positive results.